Abstract (hsc full form)

 

Abstract (hsc full form)

It is the mammalianblood System is comprised of more than ten different types of mature cells, is based on a single cell type: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Within the system, only HSC possess the ability of both multi-potency and self-renewal. Multi-potency is the capacity to differentiate into functional blood cells of all kinds. Self-renewal can generate HSC itself , without differentiation. Since mature blood cells are typically inactive, HSC continuously provide more differentiated progenitors and are able to maintain the HSC capacity throughout their lives by precisely maintaining a balance between self-renewal and differentiation. So, understanding the mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation of HSC is a major question. In this review, we will focus on the hi-level structure of the hematopoietic process, our current understanding of the molecular and microenvironmental factors that control self-renewal and differentiation in adult HSC as well as the emerging approaches to systems to study HSC biology. Go to:

Introduction

While adult blood cells created in a rate of more 100,000 cells per second in the adult human ([1] 1], the majority of hematopoietic stromal cells (hscs) from the source of which they originate undergo a brief cycle and are located inside the G 0 phase of the cell cycle , under healthy conditions [2]. These two facts create an intriguing dilemma: how can an organism attain the balance that ensures that a sufficient amount of hscs can be maintained throughout the life of the body, while simultaneously, HSCs continuously meet the body's massive demand for continuous replenishment of the mature cells in blood, the majority of which are short-lived. This balance is underscored by the numerous examples where the abnormal growth of HSCs causes serious illness e.g. when HSC differentiation into committed progenitors is not accompanied by the usual loss of self-renewal capability, or progenitors derived from HSCs fail to fully transform into mature cells [ 3], and may be a preleukemic phenotype 44. The intriguing aspects of mammalian hematopoiesis have fueled extensive research into the process over the last couple of decades. In this article we will focus on the conundrum that has been outlined, and examine what is known about the regulatory mechanisms that control the capacity of HSCs to generate many billions of mature blood cells, while still maintaining an adequate pool of HSCs for the whole life of the animal. Go to:

The Concept of Stem Cells

The "stem cell" concept was first suggested through Till and McCulloch following their pioneering studies of the process of blood system regeneration in the vivo. After transplanting a limiting number of syngenic bone marrow (BM) cells in mice that were receiving them and observed the formation of cells that had formed in the spleens in the mice that received the transplant. Analysis of these colonies revealed that a very small sub-population of donor BM cells possessed two remarkable properties: (1) the ability to produce multiple kinds of myeloerythroid cells, in addition, (2) the ability to self-replicate [ 5- 88 1. The findings introduced two criteria that define stem cells i.e. multi-potency and self-renewal. Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) can be described as the only cells of the hematopoietic process that have the potential to be multi-potent and self-renewal. For HSC Multi-potency refers to the ability to differentiate into all blood cells that function, while self-renewal allows the capability to produce identical daughter HSCs with no differentiation.

The study of stem cells has grown significantly since the beginning of the research of Till and McCulloch and now includes stem cells that can give rise to specific tissues and organs (collectively known as tissue-specific stem cells) as well as embryonic stem (ES) cells that are able to produce every kind of cell in the adult body. A system of nomenclaturehas changed to indicate the possibility of differentiation of various types of stem cells (summarized as Table 1). It is beyond our scope to explore the stem cell populations that are not hematopoietic; great reviews of these stem cells are provided throughout this publication.

Learn more here. hsc means

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